*WHY MENTAL CONFUSION BEYOND 60 ???* 
Causes of: MENTAL CONFUSION IN THE THIRD AGE
By: Arnaldo Liechtenstein, physician.
Whenever I teach clinical medicine to students in the fourth year of medicine, I ask the following question: 
What are the causes of mental confusion in the elderly? 
Some offer: "Tumors in the head".  I answer: No! 
Others suggest: "Early symptoms of Alzheimer's".  I answer again: No! 
With each rejection of their answers, their responses dry up. 
And they are even more open-mouthed when I list the three most common causes: 
 - uncontrolled diabetes;
- urinary infection;
- dehydration 
It may sound like a joke, but it isn't.  People over 60 constantly stop feeling thirsty and 
consequently stop drinking fluids. 
When no one is around to remind them to drink fluids, they quickly dehydrate.  
Dehydration is severe and affects the entire body.  It may cause abrupt mental confusion, 
a drop in blood pressure, increased heart palpitations,angina (chest pain), 
coma and even death.
*This habit of forgetting to drink fluids begins at age 60, when we have just over 50% 
of the water we should have in our bodies. 
 People over 60 have a lower water reserve. This is part of the natural aging process.* 
But there are more complications. Although they are dehydrated, they don't feel like drinking water, 
because their internal balance mechanisms don't work very well.
*Conclusion:*
People over 60 years old dehydrate easily, not only because they have a smaller water supply, 
but also because they do not feel the lack of water in the body.
Although people over 60 may look healthy, the performance of reactions and chemical functions 
can damage their entire body.
So here are two alerts:
  1) *Get into the habit of drinking liquids*.  Liquids include water, juices, teas, coconut water, 
milk, soups,and water-rich fruits, such as watermelon, melon, peaches and pineapple;  
Orange and tangerine also work.  
*The important thing is that, every two hours, you must drink some liquid.  Remember this!* 
2) Alert for family members: constantly offer fluids to people over 60.  At the same time, observe them. 
If you realize that they are rejecting liquids and, from one day to the next, they are irritable, 
breathless or display a lack of attention, these are almost certainly recurrent symptoms of dehydration.
 
 Arnaldo Liechtenstein (46), physician, is a general practitioner at Hospital das Clínicas and 
a collaborating professor in the Department of Clinical Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine 
of the University of São Paulo (USP).